Just so you know. This is a long article to explain my wandering path through understanding Kubernetes (K8S). It’s not an article to explain to you how to use K8S with your project. I hit a lot of blockers, due to the stack I’m using and I document them all. This means there’s a lot of noise and not a whole lot of Signal.

In a previous blog post I created a docker-compose.yml file for a PHP based web application. Now that I have a working Kubernetes environment, I wanted to port the configuration files into Kubernetes.

Initially, I was pointed at Kompose, a tool for converting docker-compose files to Kubernetes YAML formatted files, and, in fact, this gives me 99% of what I need… except, the current version uses beta API version flags for some of it’s outputted files, and this isn’t valid for the version of Kubernetes I’m running. So, let’s wind things back a bit, and find out what you need to do to use kompose first and then we can tweak the output file next.

Note: I’m running all these commands as root. There’s a bit of weirdness going on because I’m using the snap of Docker and I had a few issues with running these commands as a user… While I could have tried to get to the bottom of this with sudo and watching logs, I just wanted to push on… Anyway.

Here’s our “simple” docker-compose file.

version: '3'
services:
  db:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: mariadb/Dockerfile
    image: localhost:32000/db
    restart: always
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: a_root_pw
      MYSQL_USER: a_user
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: a_password
      MYSQL_DATABASE: a_db
    expose:
      - 3306
  nginx:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: nginx/Dockerfile
    image: localhost:32000/nginx
    ports:
      - 1980:80
  phpfpm:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: phpfpm/Dockerfile
    image: localhost:32000/phpfpm

This has three components – the MariaDB database, the nginx web server and the PHP-FPM CGI service that nginx consumes. The database service exposes a port (3306) to other containers, with a set of hard-coded credentials (yep, that’s not great… working on that one!), while the nginx service opens port 1980 to port 80 in the container. So far, so … well, kinda sensible :)

If we run kompose convert against this docker-compose file, we get five files created; db-deployment.yaml, nginx-deployment.yaml, phpfpm-deployment.yaml, db-service.yaml and nginx-service.yaml. If we were to run kompose up on these, we get an error message…

Well, actually, first, we get a whole load of “INFO” and “WARN” lines up while kompose builds and pushes the containers into the MicroK8S local registry (a registry is a like a package repository, for containers), which is served by localhost:32000 (hence all the image: localhost:3200/someimage lines in the docker-compose.yml file), but at the end, we get (today) this error:

INFO We are going to create Kubernetes Deployments, Services and PersistentVolumeClaims for your Dockerized application. If you need different kind of resources, use the 'kompose convert' and 'kubectl create -f' commands instead.

FATA Error while deploying application: Get http://localhost:8080/api: dial tcp 127.0.0.1:8080: connect: connection refused

Uh oh! Well, this is a known issue at least! Kubernetes used to use, by default, http on port 8080 for it’s service, but now it uses https on port 6443. Well, that’s what I thought! In this issue on the MicroK8S repo, it says that it uses a different port, and you should use microk8s.kubectl cluster-info to find the port… and yep… Kubernetes master is running at https://127.0.0.1:16443. Bah.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# microk8s.kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes master is running at https://127.0.0.1:16443
Heapster is running at https://127.0.0.1:16443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/proxy
CoreDNS is running at https://127.0.0.1:16443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy
Grafana is running at https://127.0.0.1:16443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy
InfluxDB is running at https://127.0.0.1:16443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-influxdb:http/proxy

So, we export the KUBERNETES_MASTER environment variable, which was explained in that known issue I mentioned before, and now we get a credential prompt:

Please enter Username:

Oh no, again! I don’t have credentials!! Fortunately the MicroK8S issue also tells us how to find those! You run microk8s.config and it tells you the username!

roo@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# microk8s.config
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <base64-data>
    server: https://10.0.2.15:16443
  name: microk8s-cluster
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: microk8s-cluster
    user: admin
  name: microk8s
current-context: microk8s
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: admin
  user:
    username: admin
    password: QXdUVmN3c3AvWlJ3bnRmZVJmdFhpNkJ3cDdkR3dGaVdxREhuWWo0MmUvTT0K

So, our username is “admin” and our password is … well, in this case a string starting QX and ending 0K but yours will be different!

We run kompose up again, and put in the credentials… ARGH!

FATA Error while deploying application: Get https://127.0.0.1:16443/api: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority

Well, now, that’s no good! Fortunately, a quick Google later, and up pops this Stack Overflow suggestion (mildly amended for my circumstances):

openssl s_client -showcerts -connect 127.0.0.1:16443 < /dev/null | sed -ne '/-BEGIN CERTIFICATE-/,/-END CERTIFICATE-/p' | sudo tee /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/k8s.crt
update-ca-certificates
systemctl restart snap.docker.dockerd

Right then. Let’s run that kompose up statement again…

INFO We are going to create Kubernetes Deployments, Services and PersistentVolumeClaims for your Dockerized application. If you need different kind of resources, use the 'kompose convert' and 'kubectl create -f' commands instead.

Please enter Username: 
Please enter Password: 
INFO Deploying application in "default" namespace
INFO Successfully created Service: nginx
FATA Error while deploying application: the server could not find the requested resource

Bah! What resource do I need? Well, actually, there’s a bug in 1.20.0 of Kompose, and it should be fixed in 1.21.0. The “resource” it’s talking about is, I think, that one of the APIs refuses to process the converted YAML files. As a result, the “resource” is the service that won’t start. So, instead, let’s convert the file into the output YAML files, and then take a peak at what’s going wrong.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kompose convert
INFO Kubernetes file "nginx-service.yaml" created
INFO Kubernetes file "db-deployment.yaml" created
INFO Kubernetes file "nginx-deployment.yaml" created
INFO Kubernetes file "phpfpm-deployment.yaml" created

So far, so good! Now let’s run kubectl apply with each of these files.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl apply -f nginx-service.yaml
Warning: kubectl apply should be used on resource created by either kubectl create --save-config or kubectl apply
service/nginx configured
root@microk8s-a:~# kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment.yaml
error: unable to recognize "nginx-deployment.yaml": no matches for kind "Deployment" in version "extensions/v1beta1"

Apparently the service files are all OK, the problem is in the deployment files. Hmm OK, let’s have a look at what could be wrong. Here’s the output file:

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# cat nginx-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  annotations:
    kompose.cmd: kompose convert
    kompose.version: 1.20.0 (f3d54d784)
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    io.kompose.service: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 1
  strategy: {}
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        kompose.cmd: kompose convert
        kompose.version: 1.20.0 (f3d54d784)
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        io.kompose.service: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: localhost:32000/nginx
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources: {}
      restartPolicy: Always
status: {}

Well, the extensions/v1beta1 API version doesn’t seem to support “Deployment” options any more, so let’s edit it to change that to what the official documentation example shows today. We need to switch to using the apiVersion: apps/v1 value. Let’s see what happens when we make that change!

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment.yaml
error: error validating "nginx-deployment.yaml": error validating data: ValidationError(Deployment.spec): missing required field "selector" in io.k8s.api.apps.v1.DeploymentSpec; if you choose to ignore these errors, turn validation off with --validate=false

Hmm this seems to be a fairly critical issue. A selector basically tells the orchestration engine which images we want to be deployed. Let’s go back to the official example. So, we need to add the “selector” value in the “spec” block, at the same level as “template”, and it needs to match the labels we’ve specified. It also looks like we don’t need most of the metadata that kompose has given us. So, let’s adjust the deployment to look a bit more like that example.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# cat nginx-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: localhost:32000/nginx
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources: {}
      restartPolicy: Always

Fab. And what happens when we run it?

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps/nginx created

Woohoo! Let’s apply all of these now.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# for i in db-deployment.yaml nginx-deployment.yaml nginx-service.yaml phpfpm-deployment.yaml; do kubectl apply -f $i ; done
deployment.apps/db created
deployment.apps/nginx unchanged
service/nginx unchanged
deployment.apps/phpfpm created

Oh, hang on a second, that service (service/nginx) is unchanged, but we changed the label from io.kompose.service: nginx to app: nginx, so we need to fix that. Let’s open it up and edit it!

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    kompose.cmd: kompose convert
    kompose.version: 1.20.0 (f3d54d784)
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    io.kompose.service: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - name: "1980"
    port: 1980
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    io.kompose.service: nginx
status:
  loadBalancer: {}

Ah, so this has the “annotations” field too, in the metadata, and, as suspected, it’s got the io.kompose.service label as the selector. Hmm OK, let’s fix that.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# cat nginx-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - name: "1980"
    port: 1980
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: nginx
status:
  loadBalancer: {}

Much better. And let’s apply it…

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl apply -f nginx-service.yaml
service/nginx configured

Fab! So, let’s review the state of the deployments, the services, the pods and the replication sets.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl get deploy
NAME     READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
db       1/1     1            1           8m54s
nginx    0/1     1            0           8m53s
phpfpm   1/1     1            1           8m48s

Hmm. That doesn’t look right.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl get pod
NAME                      READY   STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE
db-f78f9f69b-grqfz        1/1     Running            0          9m9s
nginx-7774fcb84c-cxk4v    0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   6          9m8s
phpfpm-66945b7767-vb8km   1/1     Running            0          9m3s
root@microk8s-a:~# kubectl get rs
NAME                DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
db-f78f9f69b        1         1         1       9m18s
nginx-7774fcb84c    1         1         0       9m17s
phpfpm-66945b7767   1         1         1       9m12s

Yep. What does “CrashLoopBackOff” even mean?! Let’s check the logs. We need to ask the pod itself, not the deployment, so let’s use the kubectl logs command to ask.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl logs nginx-7774fcb84c-cxk4v
2020/01/17 08:08:50 [emerg] 1#1: host not found in upstream "phpfpm" in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf:10
nginx: [emerg] host not found in upstream "phpfpm" in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf:10

Hmm. That’s not good. We were using the fact that Docker just named everything for us in the docker-compose file, but now in Kubernetes, we need to do something different. At this point I ran out of ideas. I asked on the McrTech slack for advice. I was asked to run this command, and would you look at that, there’s nothing for nginx to connect to.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl get service
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.152.183.1    <none>        443/TCP    24h
nginx        ClusterIP   10.152.183.62   <none>        1980/TCP   9m1s

It turns out that I need to create a service for each of the deployments. So, now I have a separate service for each one. I copied the nginx-service.yaml file into db-service.yaml and phpfpm-service.yaml, edited the files and now… tada!

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl get service
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
db           ClusterIP   10.152.183.61   <none>        3306/TCP   5m37s
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.152.183.1    <none>        443/TCP    30h
nginx        ClusterIP   10.152.183.62   <none>        1980/TCP   5h54m
phpfpm       ClusterIP   10.152.183.69   <none>        9000/TCP   5m41s

But wait… How do I actually address nginx now? Huh. No external-ip (not even “pending”, which is what I ended up with), no ports to talk to. Uh oh. Now I need to understand how to hook this service up to the public IP of this node. Ahh, see up there it says “ClusterIP”? That means “this service is only available INSIDE the cluster”. If I change this to “NodePort” or “LoadBalancer”, it’ll attach that port to the external interface.

What’s the difference between “NodePort” and “LoadBalancer”? Well, according to this page, if you are using a managed Public Cloud service that supports an external load balancer, then putting this to “LoadBalancer” should attach your “NodePort” to the provider’s Load Balancer automatically. Otherwise, you need to define the “NodePort” value in your config (which must be a value between 30000 and 32767, although that is configurable for the node). Once you’ve done that, you can hook your load balancer up to that port, for example Client -> Load Balancer IP (TCP/80) -> K8S Cluster IP (e.g. TCP/31234)

So, how does this actually look. I’m going to use the “LoadBalancer” option, because if I ever deploy this to “live”, I want it to integrate with the load balancer, but for now, I can cope with addressing a “high port”. Right, well, let me open back up that nginx-service.yaml, and make the changes.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# cat nginx-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  type: LoadBalancer
  ports:
  - name: nginx
    nodePort: 30000
    port: 1980
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: nginx
status:
  loadBalancer: {}

The key parts here are the lines type: LoadBalancer and nodePort: 30000 under spec: and ports: respectively. Note that I can use, at this point type: LoadBalancer and type: NodePort interchangably, but, as I said, if you were using this in something like AWS or Azure, you might want to do it differently!

So, now I can curl http://192.0.2.100:30000 (where 192.0.2.100 is the address of my “bridged interface” of K8S environment) and get a response from my PHP application, behind nginx, and I know (from poking at it a bit) that it works with my Database.

OK, one last thing. I don’t really want lots of little files which have got config items in. I quite liked the docker-compose file as it was, because it had all the services in as one block, and I could run “docker-compose up”, but the kompose script split it out into lots of pieces. In Kubernetes, if the YAML file it loads has got a divider in it (a line like this: ---) then it stops parsing it at that point, and starts reading the file after that as a new file. Like this I could have the following layout:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
more: stuff
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
more: stuff
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
more: stuff
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
more: stuff

But, thinking about it, I quite like having each piece logically together, so I really want db.yaml, nginx.yaml and phpfpm.yaml, where each of those files contains both the deployment and the service. So, let’s do that. I’ll do one file, so it makes more sense, and then show you the output.

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# mkdir -p k8s
root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# mv db-deployment.yaml k8s/db.yaml
root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# echo "---" >> k8s/db.yaml
root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# cat db-service.yaml >> k8s/db.yaml
root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# rm db-service.yaml
root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# cat k8s/db.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: db
  name: db
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: db
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: db
    spec:
      containers:
      - env:
        - name: MYSQL_DATABASE
          value: a_db
        - name: MYSQL_PASSWORD
          value: a_password
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          value: a_root_pw
        - name: MYSQL_USER
          value: a_user
        image: localhost:32000/db
        name: db
        resources: {}
      restartPolicy: Always
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app: db
  name: db
spec:
  ports:
  - name: mariadb
    port: 3306
    targetPort: 3306
  selector:
    app: db
status:
  loadBalancer: {}

So, now, if I do kubectl apply -f k8s/db.yaml I’ll get this output:

root@microk8s-a:~/glowing-adventure# kubectl apply -f k8s/db.yaml
deployment.apps/db unchanged
service/db unchanged

You can see the final files in the git repo for this set of tests.

Next episode, I’ll start looking at making my application scale (as that’s the thing that Kubernetes is known for) and having more than one K8S node to house my K8S pods!

Featured image is “So many coats…” by “Scott Griggs” on Flickr and is released under a CC-BY-ND license.